Questões de Inglês - Grammar - Linking words - Sequence
Leia o texto para responder à questão.
You may want to skip the toppings on your next hot dog, or skip it altogether: Health researchers at the University of Michigan have found that eating a single hot dog could take 36 minutes off your life. In their study, researchers looked at 5,853 foods in the US diet and measured their effects in minutes of healthy life gained or lost. “We wanted to make a health-based evaluation of the beneficial and detrimental impacts of the food in the entire diet,” Olivier Jolliet, professor of environmental health sciences at the university and senior author of the paper, told CNN.
The team came up with an index that calculates the net beneficial or detrimental health burden in minutes of healthy life associated with a serving of food. It’s based on a study called the Global Burden of Disease, which measures morbidity associated with a person’s food choices. “For example, 0.45 minutes are lost per gram of processed meat, or 0.1 minutes are gained per gram of fruit. We then look at the composition of each food and then multiplied this number by the corresponding food profiles that we previously developed,” said the professor.
One of the foods researchers measured was a standard beef hot dog on a bun. Its 61 grams of processed meat resulted in the loss of 27 minutes of healthy life, Jolliet said — but when ingredients like sodium and trans fatty acids were factored in, the final value was 36 minutes lost. Consumption of foods such as nuts, legumes, seafood, fruits and nonstarchy vegetables, on the other hand, have positive effects on health, the study found. “The index is primarily there to help aid in selecting and using calories consumed on a daily basis to tweak a minimum of habits and make the minimum of change to obtain a maximum benefit for health and the environment from our food experience,” Jolliet said.
(Lauren M. Johnson. https://edition.cnn.com, 27.08.2021. Adaptado.)
No trecho do segundo parágrafo “We then look at the composition of each food and then multiplied this number by the corresponding food profiles that we previously developed”, os termos sublinhados indicam
TEXT
The end of life on Earth?
It weighted about 10,000 tons, entered the
atmosphere at a speed of 64,000 km/h and exploded
over a city with a blast of 500 kilotons. But on 15
February 2013, we were lucky. The metereorite that
[05] showered pieces of rock over Chelyabinsk, Russia, was
relatively small, at only about 17 metres wide. Although
many people were injured by falling glass, the damage
was nothing compared to what had happened in Siberia
nearly one hundred years ago, when a relatively small
[10] object (approximately 50 metres in diameter) exploded in
mid-air over a forest region, flattening about 80 million
trees. If it had exploded over a city such as Moscow or
London, millions of people would have been killed.
By a strange coincidence, the same day that the
[15] meteorite terrified the people of Chelyabinsk, another
50m-wide asteroid passed relatively close to Earth.
Scientists were expecting that visit and know that the
asteroid will return to fly close by us in 2046, but the
Russian meteorite earlier in the day had been too small
[20] for anyone to spot.
Most scientists agree that comets and asteroids
pose the biggest natural threat to human existence. It
was probably a large asteroid or comet colliding with
Earth which wiped out the dinosaurs about 65 million
[25] years ago. An enormous object, 10 to 16 km in diameter,
struck the Yucatan region in Mexico with the force of 100
megatons. That is the equivalent of one Hiroshima bomb
for every person alive on Earth today.
Many scientists, including the late Stephen
[30] Hawking, say that any comet or asteroid greater than
20km in diameter that hits Earth will result in the
complete destruction of complex life, including all
animals and most plants. As we have seen even a much
smaller asteroid can cause great damage.
[35] The Earth has been kept fairly safe for the last 65
million years by good fortune and the massive
gravitational field of the planet Jupiter. Our cosmic
guardian, with its stable circular orbit far from the sun,
sweeps up and scatters away most of the dangerous
[40] comets and asteroids which might cross Earth’s orbit.
After the Chelyabinsk meteorite, scientists are now
monitoring potential hazards even more carefully but, as
far as they know, there is no danger in the foreseeable
future.
[45] Types of space rocks
• Comet – a ball of rock and ice that sends out a
tail of gas and dust behind it. Bright comets only appear
in our visible night sky about once every ten years.
• Asteroid – a rock a few feet to several kms in
[50] diameter. Unlike comets, asteroids have no tail. Most
are to small to cause any damage and burn up in the
atmosphere.
• Meteoroid – part of an asteroid or comet.
• Meteorite – what a meteoroid is called when it
[55] hits Earth.
Taken from: http://learningenglishteens.britishcouncil.org - Access on 29/06/2020
“Which” (line 40) refers to
The Genre of Autobiography and Autofiction
[1] Derived from three Greek words meaning “self”, “life” and “write”, autobiography is a
style of writing that has been around nearly as long as history has been recorded. Yet,
autobiography was not classified as a genre within itself until the late eighteenth century.
In his book, Inside out, E. Stuart Bates offers a functional definition of autobiography as “a
[5] narrative of the past of a person by the person concerned”. That definition, however, is too
broad for some literary critics. Many, such as Philippe Lejeune, wish to define the genre more
narrowly: “(a) retrospective prose narrative produced by a real person concerning his own
existence, focusing on his individual life, in particular on the development of his personality”.
Despite disagreements concerning how inclusive the category of autobiography should
[10] be, there are characteristics that are common to the majority of autobiographical works.
These features are the grammatical perspective of the work, the identity of the self, selfreflection
and introspection.
Most autobiographies are written from the first person singular perspective. The author, the
narrator and the protagonist must share a common identity for the work to be considered
[15] an autobiography. This common identity could be similar, but is not identical. The self that
the author constructs becomes a character within the story that may not be a completely
factual representation of the author’s actual past self.
In their book The voice within, Roger Porter and H. R. Wolf state that “truth is a highly
subjective matter, and no autobiographer can represent exactly what happened back then,
[20] any more than a historian can definitively describe the real truth of the past”.
Because the author cannot describe events objectively, even the most accurate
autobiographies have fictional elements. The blurring of fiction and truth characteristic
of autobiography has even led to the creation of a subdivision within the genre of
autobiography that deals with fictionalized self-accounts. For this style of writing that
[25] blends characteristics of both fiction and autobiography, Serge Doubrovsky coined the
literary term “autofiction”.
The difference between traditional autobiography and the genre of autofiction is that
autobiographers are attempting to depict their real life, while writers of autofiction are
only basing their work upon real experiences. Writers of autofiction are not expected to be
[30] as historically accurate as possible as autobiographers are. According to Alex Hughes,
authors of autofiction are saying “this is me and this is not me”. This sums up autofiction.
Autofiction draws from the life of the writer with the addition of fictional elements to
make the work more than just a life story.
Autobiography is a popular genre. Writers of memoirs and life stories never lack an
[35] audience. People are interested in the actual lives of others and want to know about
others’ pasts and feelings and desires. Autobiography is a way to organize the story of a
life and reflect on the past in order to better understand the present.
hubpages.com
Writers of memoirs and life stories never lack an audience. People are interested in the actual lives of others (l. 34-35)
The semantic relationship between the two sentences above can be made explicit by the additon of following connective:
Read the text below. Fill in the blanks with the right conjunctions.
In today's world, (I) _________ just about everything is more convenient and accessible due to advances in technology across almost all sectors, it may seem (II)_________ it's a misnomer to even mention any disadvantages of technological advances. (III) __________, despite how far technology has taken humans and no matter (IV) ______ convenient it may make things, there are some disadvantages accompanying this level of access.
Technology advances show people a more efficient way to do things, and these processes get results. For example, education has been greatly advanced by the technological advances of computers. Students are able to learn on a global scale without ever leaving their classrooms. Agricultural processes (V)_______ once required dozens upon dozens of human workers can now be automated, thanks to advances in technology, which means cost-efficiency for farmers. Medical discoveries occur at a much more rapid rate, thanks to machines and computers that aid in the research process and allow for more intense educational research into medical matters.
Cost efficiency is an advantage in some ways and a disadvantage in others. (VI) _______ technology improves on existing processes and showcases new ways to accomplish tasks, machines are able to produce the same -- if not more -- output (VII) _______ humans in certain industries. This results in cost savings for business owners, allowing them to invest in growth in other areas of the business, (VIII) _________ contributes on a positive level to the economy as a whole.
Available at: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-disadvantages-technology-advances-12579.html..
Mark the correct alternative.
Out of Shape at 18, at Risk for Future Diabetes
Nicholas Bakalar
March 9, 2016
Being out of shape at age 18 may increase your risk for eventually developing Type 2 diabetes, regardless of your weight and family history, a new study says. The study looked at data from more than 1.5 million Swedish men, using tests of muscle strength and aerobic capacity when they were conscripted for military service at age 18, between 1969 and 1997. Their muscle strength had been measured with handgrip and other tests, and their aerobic capacity calculated as they exercised on a stationary bicycle.
With this data in hand, researchers checked the men’s medical records from 1987 to 2012. They found 34,008 cases of Type 2 diabetes over an average 26 years of follow-up. The study is in the Annals of Internal Medicine. Both low aerobic capacity and low muscle strength at 18 were associated with a higher risk for Type 2 diabetes; poor aerobic capacity was a slightly stronger risk factor. Having both weak muscles and low aerobic capacity more than tripled the risk for future diabetes. The effect was independent of other risk factors — body mass index, family history of diabetes, education and socioeconomic status.
“Early life interventions are really important,” said the lead author, Dr. Casey Crump, a professor of family medicine at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York. “Prevention of Type 2 diabetes should begin early in life, and should include both aerobic fitness and muscular strength. This is important regardless of people’s weight.”
(http://well.blogs.nytimes.com)
No trecho do primeiro parágrafo “and their aerobic capacity calculated as they exercised on a stationary bicycle”, o termo em destaque pode ser substituído, sem alteração de sentido, por
Breastfeeding “linked to higher IQ”
March 18, 2015
A long-term study has pointed to a link between breastfeeding and intelligence. The research in Brazil traced nearly 3,500 babies, from all walks of life, and found those who had been breastfed for longer went on to score higher on IQ tests as adults. Experts say the results, while not conclusive, appear to back current advice that babies should be exclusively breastfed for six months. But they say mothers should still have a choice about whether or not to do it.
Regarding the findings – published in The Lancet Global Health – they stress there are many different factors other than breastfeeding that could have an impact on intelligence, although the researchers did try to rule out the main confounders, such as mother’s education, family income and birth weight.
Dr Bernardo Lessa Horta, from the Federal University of Pelotas in Brazil, said his study offers a unique insight because in the population he studied, breastfeeding was evenly distributed across social class – not something just practised by the rich and educated.
Most of the babies, irrespective of social class, were breastfed – some for less than a month and others for more than a year. Those who were breastfed for longer scored higher on measures of intelligence as adults. They were also more likely to earn a higher wage and to have completed more schooling.
• Long-term impact
Dr Horta believes breast milk may offer an advantage because it is a good source of long-chain saturated fatty acids which are essential for brain development. But experts say the study findings cannot confirm this and that much more research is needed to explore any possible link between breastfeeding and intelligence.
Kevin Fenton, national director of health and wellbeing, Public Health England (PHE), said there was strong evidence that breastfeeding provides some health benefits for babies - reduced respiratory and gastrointestinal infections in infancy, for example. He said: “PHE’s advice remains that exclusive breastfeeding for around the first six months of life provides health benefits to babies. We recognise, however, that not all mothers choose, or are able, to breastfeed and infant formula is the only alternative to breast milk for babies under 12 months old.” Janet Fyle of the Royal College of Midwives said new mothers needed breastfeeding support.
Dr Colin Michie, chairman of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health’s nutrition committee, said: “There have been many studies on the link between breastfeeding and IQ over the years with many having had their validity challenged. This study however, looks at a number of other factors including education achievement and income at age 30 which, along with the high sample size, makes this study a very powerful one. It is important to note that breastfeeding is one of many factors that can contribute to a child’s outcomes, however this study emphasises the need for continued and enhanced breastfeeding promotion so expectant mothers are aware of the benefits of breastfeeding.”
(www.bbc.com. Adaptado.)
No trecho do primeiro parágrafo “while not conclusive”, o termo “while” pode ser corretamente substituído, sem alteração de sentido, por
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