Questões de Inglês - Reading/Writing - Editorial article
Leia o texto para responder à questão.
Agroforestry is the interaction of agriculture and trees, including the agricultural use of trees. This comprises trees on farms and in agricultural landscapes, farming in forests and along forest margins and tree-crop production, including cocoa, coffee, rubber and oil palm. Interactions between trees and other components of agriculture may be important at a range of scales: in fields (where trees and crops are grown together), on farms (where trees may provide fodder for livestock, fuel, food, shelter or income from products including timber) and landscapes (where agricultural and forest land uses combine in determining the provision of ecosystem services).
Agroforestry is agricultural and forestry systems that try to balance various needs:
1) to produce trees for timber and other commercial purposes;
2) to produce a diverse, adequate supply of nutritious foods both to meet global demand and to satisfy the needs of the producers themselves; and
3) to ensure the protection of the natural environment so that it continues to provide resources and environmental services to meet the needs of the present generations and those to come.
https://tinyurl.com/pnv4wjx8%20Acesso%20em:%2004.03.2023.
De acordo com o texto, o equilíbrio pretendido entre agricultura e floresta, no sistema chamado de Agroforestry, prevê
TEXTO:
Scientists are one step closer to delaying aging By Amy Woodyatt, CNN
Updated 2305 GMT (0705 HKT) July 21, 2020
(CNN)Getting old is inevitable, but scientists at
the University of California San Diego (UCSD) may
be one step closer to being able to delay the aging
process.
[5] A team of scientists studied aging in yeast —
chosen because its cells are easily manipulated — to
try to understand if different cells age at the same rate,
and for the same reason.
What they found was intriguing. Even cells
[10] made of the same genetic materials and within the
same environment aged in "strikingly distinct ways,"
according to the scientists, who published their
findings in the journal Science.
About half of the yeast cells aged because of a
[15] gradual decline in the nucleolus, a round body located
in the nucleus of a cell, the scientists learned, by
using techniques including microfluidics and computer
modeling.
However, the other half aged because of a
[20] dysfunction of mitochondria, which produce a cell's
energy.
Scientists said that the cells go down one of two
paths — nuclear or mitochondrial — early in life, and
they continue with the aging route until they ultimately
[25] decline and die.
Researchers performed further tests to
understand how the cells behaved.
"To understand how cells make these decisions,
we identified the molecular processes underlying
[30] each aging route and the connections among them,
revealing a molecular circuit that controls cell aging,
analogous to electric circuits that control home
appliances," said Nan Hao, senior author of the study
and an associate professor in UCSD's division of
[35] biological sciences' molecular biology section.
After modeling the "aging landscape," the team
of researchers found they could manipulate — and
optimize — the process of aging, using computer
simulations to reprogram the master circuit and modify
[40] its DNA.
They were then able to create a "novel aging
route," with a dramatically extended lifespan. This,
researchers believe, could ultimately lead to the
possibility of delaying human aging.
[45] "This is an aging path that never existed, but
because we understand how it is regulated, we can
basically design or a new aging path," Hao.
Disponível em: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/21/health/slowaging-intl-scli-scn/index.html. Acesso em: 6 out 2021.
According to the text, it is correct to state that
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Agricultural economists study the effect of the ‘warm glow of giving’
More and more products carry ethical labels such as fair-trade or organic, which consumers usually view positively. Nevertheless, the sales figures of these products often remain low, even though they offer advantages for the environment or for society. A team of scientists from the University of Göttingen has investigated to what extent factors which affect consumers’ own benefit ― such as the so-called “Warm Glow of Giving” ― influence consumers’ purchasing intentions. The “warm glow” is the personal benefit that people feel when they do good. The results were published in the Journal of Cleaner Production, an international scientific publication which covers environmental and sustainable research and practice.
The researchers from the working group “Marketing for Food and Agricultural Products” at the University of Göttingen studied how two groups — one from Germany and one from the United Kingdom ― make virtual purchasing decisions. Each group consisted of around 450 consumers. Chocolate was available, which differed in terms of price, country of origin of the cocoa, and country of manufacture, as well as the ethical claims made. The claims were: organic, fair-trade and CO2 -neutral. There was also an alternative which did not make any claims. Consumers then answered questions about their purchasing intentions, values and feelings when buying.
The result: in both countries the price is the most important decision criterion, followed by the ethical claims and the country of manufacture. In addition, the “warm glow” has a comparatively large influence on the purchasing intention ― the prospect of getting a good feeling clearly attracts many consumers to buy products which make ethical claims. But the intention is often not put into practice: during the actual decision to buy, the influence of the “warm glow” is only relevant for fair-trade chocolate. The researchers assume that this is partly due to the strong association with the common good of the fair-trade label, which supports farmers in developing countries. “Other studies have shown that consumers also associate positive health aspects with organic food,” says Sarah Iweala, first author of the study and doctoral student in the “Global Food” research training group. “Of course, this dilutes the label’s association with the common good.”
In addition, the degree of recognition of the logo seems to be important. Although consumers indicated that they felt good when they reduced their CO2 footprint, this good feeling did not lead them to choose the CO2 neutral product. This can be explained by the low profile of this particular ethical logo. In both countries, less than 20 percent of the participants stated that they had already seen “carbon neutral” branding while shopping. In contrast, over 90 percent of consumers were aware of the fair-trade logo. “If consumers don’t know what a label stands for, they can’t feel good about it when they shop and so it can’t become a deciding factor in their shopping choices,” says Professor Achim Spiller, Head of the working group “Marketing for Food and Agricultural Products.”
(www.sciencedaily.com. 22.03.2019. Adaptado.)
According to the third paragraph, the research showed that purchasing decision was propelled first by
World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) Forum 2021: Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) foster inclusive, resilient, sustainable societies and economies Acesso em: 16 jun. 2021.
The COVID-19 pandemic has illustrated two things like never before: firstly, the importance of digital technologies – where would we have been over the last year without mobile phones, radio and television broadcasting, or the Internet? – and secondly, our ever-deepening global interdependence.
Indeed, no one is safe until everyone is safe.
The pandemic has underlined the need to get everyone connected, especially in the rural and remote communities which are most underserved. Digital divides are increasingly apparent between the rich and the poor, urban and rural, and young and elderly, as well as on gender and for persons with disabilities. Investments must be encouraged, both for information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure and to ensure affordability and digital literacy.
In the face of setbacks, efforts must be redoubled to put the sustainable development agenda back on track. Along with leveraging ICTs to drive sustainable development, governments and other partners can draw on the principles and action lines established by the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) back in 2003.
COVID-19 has prompted unprecedented digital infrastructure investment. Countries have expanded their fibre-optic networks, stepped up digital learning, installed free wireless access in health care facilities, and allocated free radio spectrum to help operators meet user needs.
Even so, business continuity has been hard to maintain amid recurring lockdowns. All-pervasive connectivity and new ways of interacting and doing business, including hybrid formats, need to become the norm. Technologies like AI, 5G, and the Internet of Things will be ever-more crucial to meet pressing challenges.
Based on recent experience, countries can now re-think their infrastructure and network designs to prepare for future crises. Teleworking, e-learning, and e-government capacity must be stepped up further. Digital skills gaps, evident in the pandemic, call for more investment in online education.
https://www.itu.int/en/myitu/News/2021/06/14/07/25/WSIS-Forum-2021-ICTs-foster-inclusive-economies-Malcolm-Johnson. Acesso em: 16 jun. 2021.
According to the 7th paragraph,
Texto
Traditional Agricultural System in the Southern Espinhaço Range, Minas Gerais
Imagem: João Roberto Ripper
In the Espinhaço Mountain Range of in the State of Minas Gerais in Brazil, a complex agricultural system has been developed as the result of a long co-evolution between traditional communities, known as the Sempre-vivas flower gatherers, and the surrounding environment. This system is rooted in mountainous highlands whose altitude vary from 600 m to 1400 m offering a unique mosaic of landscapes and ecosystems.
The local communities have developed unique agricultural system and cultural identity based on their profound understanding of natural cycles and ecosystems, and vast knowledge regarding native flora management, achieving a great harmony with the environment and conservation of the biodiversity.
Farmers coordinate various types of agricultural activities well adapted to each differing soil, geographic and climatic characteristics to sustain their lives. They operate agroforestry gardening for their daily needs near the houses, grow a large number of species of crops in larger farmlands, collect naturally grown products, rear animals in the pastures and harvest native flowers in the high mountain areas. This GIAHS [Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems] runs through and composes agro-environments from the highest parts of the mountain to lower land areas.
Nowadays, the sempre-vivas flowers and the whole associated system are part of the local identity that have ensured the landscapes conservation as well as food and livelihood security of the communities.
Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems - GIAHS
Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems are outstanding landscapes of aesthetic beauty that combine agricultural biodiversity, resilient ecosystems and a valuable cultural heritage. Located in specific sites around the world, they sustainably provide multiple goods and services, food and livelihood security for millions of small-scale farmers.
Unfortunately, these agricultural systems are threatened by many factors including climate change and increased competition for natural resources. They are also dealing with migration due to low economic viability, which has resulted in traditional farming practices being abandoned and endemic species and breeds being lost.
These ancestral agricultural systems constitute the foundation for contemporary and future agricultural innovations and technologies. Their cultural, ecological and agricultural diversity is still evident in many parts of the world, maintained as unique systems of agriculture.
Fonte: Disponível em: http://www.fao.org/giahs/giahsaroundtheworld/designated-sites/ latin-america-and-the-caribbean/semprevivas-minasgerais/en/ >, < http://www.fao.org/giahs/en/ . Acesso em: 26 de maio de 2020. (Adaptado)
Assinale a afirmativa que NÃO se relaciona aos Sistemas de Patrimônio Agrícola de Importância global:
Text: Rio de Janeiro
“Rio de Janeiro is Brazil’s heart, its cultural capital and emotional nerve-center (…). It’s wise to remember that the romantic sparking lights that glimmer in the hillsides illuminate the city’s notorious shanty towns. Crime, especially in the tourist-filled Copacabana district, is common. Most visitors are easy targets, if only because they usually lack a tan. Don’t wear expensive watches or jewelry and carry as little cash as possible, especially when going to the beach. (…) The subway system (Metro) is clean, fast and efficient, but only goes as far as Botafogo. It does not extend to Copacabana. Buses are plentiful but are uncomfortable and can be dangerous. (…) Business visitors should not be surprised when meetings start late or executives are informally dressed. This relaxed attitude is counterbalanced by the “carioca’s” quickness and creativity. “Cafezinhos” (literally little coffees), usually highly sugared, and mineral water are staple of nearly every business meeting in this city. In meetings between men and women (and between women), kisses on both cheecks are common. Men shake hands enthusiastically. Cariocas are easy going and slow to take offence. (…)”
Source: 1998 Business Travel Guide adaptado de Inglês Intrumental de Rosângela Munhoz
Quais destas características, de acordo com o texto, se referem ao transporte público feito pelos ônibus do Rio de Janeiro:
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