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Possible spread of COVID-19 with and without protective measures
According to the chart above protective measures concerning the spread of Covid-19.
Read the text below and answer the following question based on it.
The importance of feeling pain
Why is it important to feel pain?
Pain plays an important role in the lives of humans. It presumably serves to protect us from harm by making us associate certain harmful actions with a sensation of pain. And to alert us to diseases or conditions which we may have.
Pain also produces an emotional reaction, not just a physical one. Some pain can be caused by grief or depression, but are not easy to measure or to classify.
Then again, the absence of pain can encourage certain other actions. You are more likely to pick up the plate that is not piping hot than the one that is. You might have to do a quick touch test in order to tell the difference.
Everyone experiences pain at certain times in their lives.
The body is incredibly efficient at registering messages of pain, and extremely quick in getting you to perform an appropriate action in order to lessen the pain sensation. Touch an extremely hot object, for instance, and the impulse or message goes from the nerves in your fingertips, along your spinal cord to your brain. It almost instantly, within a fraction of a second, sends back the message to you to remove your finger immediately from the source of the heat.
Your nervous system consists of two parts: the central nervous system, which consists of your spinal cord and your brain, and the sensory or motor nerves, which form the socalled peripheral nervous system. The pain signal is sent to the thalamus, from where it is sent to the limbic system in order to interpret the pain. Is it a stabbing feeling? Is it a burn? Is it a fracture?
But it’s not that simple, as many things such as your state of mind, your state of health, your age, experiences you have had in the past and your expectations can all influence how severely you experience the pain.
A surge of adrenaline through your system at the time of an injury can make you realise only a while after an accident that you have injured yourself. Adrenaline functions a bit like a built-in painkiller. But it is, alas temporary.
The two most common kinds of pain are chronic pain and acute pain.
Adaptado de: https://www.health24.com/Medical/PainManagement/About-pain/The-importance-of-feeling-pain20140604 Acessado em 21 de novembro de 2020.
Pain
Read the text below and answer the following question based on it.
The importance of feeling pain
Why is it important to feel pain?
Pain plays an important role in the lives of humans. It presumably serves to protect us from harm by making us associate certain harmful actions with a sensation of pain. And to alert us to diseases or conditions which we may have.
Pain also produces an emotional reaction, not just a physical one. Some pain can be caused by grief or depression, but are not easy to measure or to classify.
Then again, the absence of pain can encourage certain other actions. You are more likely to pick up the plate that is not piping hot than the one that is. You might have to do a quick touch test in order to tell the difference.
Everyone experiences pain at certain times in their lives.
The body is incredibly efficient at registering messages of pain, and extremely quick in getting you to perform an appropriate action in order to lessen the pain sensation. Touch an extremely hot object, for instance, and the impulse or message goes from the nerves in your fingertips, along your spinal cord to your brain. It almost instantly, within a fraction of a second, sends back the message to you to remove your finger immediately from the source of the heat.
Your nervous system consists of two parts: the central nervous system, which consists of your spinal cord and your brain, and the sensory or motor nerves, which form the socalled peripheral nervous system. The pain signal is sent to the thalamus, from where it is sent to the limbic system in order to interpret the pain. Is it a stabbing feeling? Is it a burn? Is it a fracture?
But it’s not that simple, as many things such as your state of mind, your state of health, your age, experiences you have had in the past and your expectations can all influence how severely you experience the pain.
A surge of adrenaline through your system at the time of an injury can make you realise only a while after an accident that you have injured yourself. Adrenaline functions a bit like a built-in painkiller. But it is, alas temporary.
The two most common kinds of pain are chronic pain and acute pain.
Adaptado de: https://www.health24.com/Medical/PainManagement/About-pain/The-importance-of-feeling-pain20140604 Acessado em 21 de novembro de 2020.
It is true to assert that
Read the text below and answer the following question based on it.
Significant developments in a new urine test for prostate cancer
Prostate cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers among men. Although there are effective treatments, such as radiotherapy and surgery for localized prostate cancer, men diagnosed with more progressive prostate cancer have a poorer prognosis. Therefore, a sensitive and specific screening test to detect prostate cancer in its early states is urgently needed.
Currently, serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels and digital rectal examinations have been used as the screening and diagnostic tools for prostate cancer. However, researchers believe that a simple, non-invasive technique using urine can be a more sensitive and specific way to detect the early stages of the disease. Urine contains more than two thousand different metabolites and can provide clues to the human body’s metabolism, including the disordered metabolism of cancer cells.
Researchers in the United States have taken the opportunity to develop a new urine test for prostate cancer based on the metabolite profile and RNA sequencing found in prostate cancer-specific urine. The researchers took an approach that only required one single pass of urine, without the need for prostatic massage prior, to prove their principle that a simple urine sample could be sufficient for the identification of prostate cancer biomarkers.
Metabolic profiles of patients without cancer were taken and compared with metabolic profiles of patients with prostate cancer to identify metabolic changes and prostate cancerspecific biomarkers. The findings are the first to report a distinct prostate cancer profile from altered metabolic pathways in patient urine samples that can be differentiated between patients with normal prostates and benign prostatic hyperplasia (benign enlargement of the prostate).
The researchers conclude that their findings are a significant discovery to developing a new urine test for prostate cancer that is simple, non-invasive and convenient. The study’s proof-of-concept should be further tested and validated in larger sample sizes before it can be clinically implemented.
Adaptado de: https://medicalnewsbulletin.com/significantdevelopments-made-in-developing-a-new-urine-test-for-prostatecancer/ Acessado em 15 de novembro de 2020.
Prostate cancer
Read the text below and answer the following question based on it.
Significant developments in a new urine test for prostate cancer
Prostate cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers among men. Although there are effective treatments, such as radiotherapy and surgery for localized prostate cancer, men diagnosed with more progressive prostate cancer have a poorer prognosis. Therefore, a sensitive and specific screening test to detect prostate cancer in its early states is urgently needed.
Currently, serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels and digital rectal examinations have been used as the screening and diagnostic tools for prostate cancer. However, researchers believe that a simple, non-invasive technique using urine can be a more sensitive and specific way to detect the early stages of the disease. Urine contains more than two thousand different metabolites and can provide clues to the human body’s metabolism, including the disordered metabolism of cancer cells.
Researchers in the United States have taken the opportunity to develop a new urine test for prostate cancer based on the metabolite profile and RNA sequencing found in prostate cancer-specific urine. The researchers took an approach that only required one single pass of urine, without the need for prostatic massage prior, to prove their principle that a simple urine sample could be sufficient for the identification of prostate cancer biomarkers.
Metabolic profiles of patients without cancer were taken and compared with metabolic profiles of patients with prostate cancer to identify metabolic changes and prostate cancerspecific biomarkers. The findings are the first to report a distinct prostate cancer profile from altered metabolic pathways in patient urine samples that can be differentiated between patients with normal prostates and benign prostatic hyperplasia (benign enlargement of the prostate).
The researchers conclude that their findings are a significant discovery to developing a new urine test for prostate cancer that is simple, non-invasive and convenient. The study’s proof-of-concept should be further tested and validated in larger sample sizes before it can be clinically implemented.
Adaptado de: https://medicalnewsbulletin.com/significantdevelopments-made-in-developing-a-new-urine-test-for-prostatecancer/ Acessado em 15 de novembro de 2020.
American researchers have proved that biomarkers of prostate cancer
Read the text below and answer the following question based on it.
Significant developments in a new urine test for prostate cancer
Prostate cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers among men. Although there are effective treatments, such as radiotherapy and surgery for localized prostate cancer, men diagnosed with more progressive prostate cancer have a poorer prognosis. Therefore, a sensitive and specific screening test to detect prostate cancer in its early states is urgently needed.
Currently, serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels and digital rectal examinations have been used as the screening and diagnostic tools for prostate cancer. However, researchers believe that a simple, non-invasive technique using urine can be a more sensitive and specific way to detect the early stages of the disease. Urine contains more than two thousand different metabolites and can provide clues to the human body’s metabolism, including the disordered metabolism of cancer cells.
Researchers in the United States have taken the opportunity to develop a new urine test for prostate cancer based on the metabolite profile and RNA sequencing found in prostate cancer-specific urine. The researchers took an approach that only required one single pass of urine, without the need for prostatic massage prior, to prove their principle that a simple urine sample could be sufficient for the identification of prostate cancer biomarkers.
Metabolic profiles of patients without cancer were taken and compared with metabolic profiles of patients with prostate cancer to identify metabolic changes and prostate cancerspecific biomarkers. The findings are the first to report a distinct prostate cancer profile from altered metabolic pathways in patient urine samples that can be differentiated between patients with normal prostates and benign prostatic hyperplasia (benign enlargement of the prostate).
The researchers conclude that their findings are a significant discovery to developing a new urine test for prostate cancer that is simple, non-invasive and convenient. The study’s proof-of-concept should be further tested and validated in larger sample sizes before it can be clinically implemented.
Adaptado de: https://medicalnewsbulletin.com/significantdevelopments-made-in-developing-a-new-urine-test-for-prostatecancer/ Acessado em 15 de novembro de 2020.
The study’s proof-of-concept